================================================================================
CHEST & THORAX
================================================================================
 |
| Demystifying the clinical language hidden inside your everyday diagnostic imaging and radiology files |
X-RAY CHEST (AP VIEW)
---------------------
FINDINGS:
- Lung fields do not reveal any active parenchymal lesion.
- Pleural angles are clear and domes of the diaphragm are of normal contour.
- Cardiac silhouette appears normal.
- Hilar shadows are normal.
- Bony thorax is intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are normal.
X-RAY CHEST (PORTABLE AP VIEW)
------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- No obvious parenchymal lesion or obvious pleural effusion is seen on either side.
- Domes of the diaphragm are of normal contour.
- Cardiac silhouette appears within normal limits.
- Hilar shadows appears normal.
- Bony thorax is intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are normal.
- ET is seen in situ.
- Central line and NG tube is seen in situ.
POST CABG CHEST X-RAY (PORTABLE AP VIEW)
----------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Sternotomy sutures are seen in situ with CABG.
- No alveolitis or consolidation is seen in both the lungs.
- Cardiac silhouette appears within limits.
- No obvious pleural effusion is noted.
- No abnormal mediastinal widening or increased density is noted.
- Hilar shadows are normal.
- Soft tissue shadows are normal.
================================================================================
SPINE & PELVIS REGION
================================================================================
PELVIS WITH BOTH HIPS (AP AND LAT VIEWS)
----------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bones of the pelvic girdle do not reveal any focal or generalised lesion.
- Hip joints on either side show intact joint spaces and articular surfaces.
- No abnormal soft tissue shadow is seen in the pelvic cavity.
- Sacro-iliac joints and the symphysis pubis are normal.
CERVICAL SPINE (AP & LAT VIEWS)
-------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Vertebral bodies and their appendages are intact.
- Intervertebral disc spaces are maintained.
- Prevertebral soft tissue shadow is within limits.
- No cervical rib is seen.
IMPRESSION:
- RADIOGRAPH IS ESSENTIALLY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE (AP AND LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Vertebral bodies and their appendages are intact.
- Intervertebral disc spaces are maintained.
- No abnormal prevertebral soft tissue shadow is seen.
- Posterior alignment of the vertebral bodies is maintained.
DORSAL SPINE (AP AND LAT VIEWS)
-------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Vertebral bodies and their appendages are intact.
- Intervertebral disc spaces are normal.
- No abnormal prevertebral soft tissue shadow is seen.
- Posterior alignment of the vertebral bodies is maintained.
LUMBO-SACRAL SPINE (AP & LAT VIEWS)
-----------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Forward slip of L4 vertebra is seen over L5 with pars break, end plate sclerosis and reduced intervening disc space.
- Rest of the vertebral bodies and their appendages are intact.
- Rests of the intervertebral disc spaces are maintained.
- No abnormal soft tissue shadow is seen in paravertebral region and pelvic cavity.
- Sacro-iliac joints are normal.
IMPRESSION:
- SPONDYLOLYSIS L4 WITH GRADE- I SPONDYLOLISTHESIS L4 OVER L5.
SACRO-COCCYGEAL (AP & LAT VIEWS)
--------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- The sacral and coccygeal pieces appear intact.
- No sacro-coccygeal disarticulation is seen.
================================================================================
UPPER EXTREMITIES
================================================================================
LEFT CLAVICLE (AP VIEW)
-----------------------
FINDINGS:
- Postoperative review radiograph for clavicular fracture with plate and screw in situ.
- Glenohumeral joint space is maintained.
- Acromio-clavicular articulation is intact.
- Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
RIGHT CLAVICLE (AP VIEW)
------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Post-operative review radiograph reveals clavicular fracture with plate and screw in situ.
- Glenohumeral joint space is maintained.
- Acromio-clavicular articulation is intact.
- Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
RIGHT SHOULDER (AP AND LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- No traumatic bony lesion is seen.
- Contour of humeral head is intact.
- Glenohumeral joint space is maintained.
- Acromio-clavicular articulation is intact.
- Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
RIGHT WRIST WITH HAND (AP / OBLIQUE VIEWS)
------------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Post-operative review radiograph for fracture lower end radius with plate and screw in situ.
- Joint spaces are maintained.
- Soft tissue appears within normal limits.
X-RAY BOTH HANDS (AP VIEW)
--------------------------
FINDINGS:
- No focal or diffuse bony lesion is seen.
- Joint spaces are maintained. Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
X-RAY LEFT WRIST (AP / LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Post-operative review radiograph for lower end radius fracture with pins and posterior slab in situ.
- Joint spaces are maintained.
================================================================================
LOWER EXTREMITIES
================================================================================
LEFT HIP (AP / LAT VIEWS)
-------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Post-operative review radiograph for IT fracture femur with DHS in situ.
- Hip joint space is maintained.
- Soft tissue is within normal limits.
RIGHT HIP JOINT (AP / LAT VIEWS)
--------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- No focal or diffuse lesion is noted in the visualized bones.
- Hip joint space is maintained with intact articular surface.
- No abnormal soft tissue shadow is seen in the visualized pelvic cavity.
BOTH FEMUR (AP / LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Post-operative review radiograph for fracture shaft femur with IM nail in situ.
- Hip joint space is maintained.
- Soft tissue appears within normal limits.
LEFT LEG (AP / LAT VIEWS)
-------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Post-operative review radiograph for fracture shaft tibia with IM nail in situ.
- Knee and ankle joint spaces are normal.
- Soft tissue appears within normal limits.
RIGHT KNEE (AP / LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bones under review do not show any focal or diffuse lesion.
- Patellofemoral compartment and Tibio-femoral joint spaces are maintained.
- Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue appears within normal limits.
BOTH KNEES (ERECT AP / LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bones under review do not show any focal or diffuse lesion.
- Patellofemoral compartment and Tibio-femoral joint spaces are maintained.
- Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue appears within normal limits.
LEFT KNEE (AP / LAT VIEWS)
--------------------------
FINDINGS:
- TKR with prosthesis in situ.
- Soft tissue appears within normal limits.
RIGHT FOOT / ANKLE (AP AND LATERAL VIEWS)
-----------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bones under review do not show any focal or diffuse lesion.
- Joint spaces are maintained. Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
X-RAY RIGHT HEEL (AXIAL AND LAT VIEWS)
--------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bony spur is seen in the planter aspect of calcaneum.
- Bones under review do not show any focal or diffuse lesion.
- Joint spaces are maintained. Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
LEFT ANKLE (AP / LAT VIEWS)
---------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bony spurs are seen in the planter and posterior aspects of calcaneum.
- Bones under review do not show any focal or diffuse lesion.
- Joint spaces are maintained. Articular margins are intact.
- Soft tissue shadows are within limits.
IMPRESSION:
- CALCANEAL SPUR.
================================================================================
HEAD, NECK, & SPECIAL STUDIES
================================================================================
SKULL (AP & LAT VIEWS)
----------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bony tables of the skull are intact.
- Diploic spaces is normal.
- Sella turcica is normal in size, shape and outline.
- No abnormal calcification is seen in the skull.
- Sutures of skull are intact.
- No evidence of raised ICT is seen.
IMPRESSION:
- RADIOGRAPHS ARE ESSENTIALLY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
ORBIT (AP & LAT VIEWS)
----------------------
FINDINGS:
- The orbital margins are intact.
- Floor of the orbit appears normal.
- No radio-opaque intra-orbital foreign body is seen.
- Soft tissue shadows appear normal.
X-RAY MANDIBLE / HEMIMANDIBLE (AP / LAT VIEWS)
----------------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- No focal bony lesion is seen in the mandible / hemimandible.
- Alveolar bone is intact.
- No periapical infection is seen.
- No soft tissue calcification is seen in the sub-mandibular region.
- No abnormal soft tissue lesion or antral mass lesion is seen.
X-RAY STYLOID
--------------
FINDINGS:
- Long slender both the styloid processes are well visualized.
- Right and Left measures 33mm and 36mm respectively.
- DNS is noted towards left side.
MASTOIDS (BOTH OBLIQUE VIEWS) - NORMAL TEMPLATE
-----------------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Mastoids air cells are normal.
- Underlying bones show no focal reactive changes.
IMPRESSION:
- RADIOGRAPHS ARE ESSENTIALLY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
MASTOIDS (BOTH OBLIQUE VIEWS) - ABNORMAL TEMPLATE
-------------------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bilateral loss of mastoids air cells with sclerosis is noted.
- No bony erosion is seen.
- TM joints are normal on either side.
NASAL BONE (TEMPLATE 1)
-----------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bones under review do not reveal any focal lesion.
- Articular margins and joint spaces are normal.
- Soft tissue shadows are normal.
NASAL BONE (TEMPLATE 2)
-----------------------
FINDINGS:
- Nasal bone is intact.
- Overlying soft tissues are normal.
NASOPHARYNX (LAT VIEW) - NORMAL TEMPLATE
-----------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Soft tissue outline of the roof of the nasopharynx is within limits.
- No underlying bony lesion is seen.
- Nasopharyngeal air-column is normal.
IMPRESSION:
- RADIOGRAPHS ARE ESSENTIALLY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
NASOPHARYNX (LAT VIEW) - ABNORMAL TEMPLATE
-------------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- The roof of the nasopharynx is widened, indenting the nasopharyngeal air-column posteriorly.
- Base of the skull appears intact.
IMPRESSION:
- ADENOIDS.
X-RAY NASOPHARYNX FOR ADENOID (LAT VIEW)
----------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Bulky posterior pharyngeal wall is noted with indentation to nasopharyngeal air column.
- Epiglottis is normal.
- Prevertebral soft tissue is normal.
- Cervical vertebrae are within normal limits.
SOFT TISSUE NECK (AP AND LAT VIEWS)
-----------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Posterior pharyngeal wall is bulky indenting nasopharyngeal air column – Enlarged Adenoid.
- Soft tissue outline of the base of the tongue and the epiglottis are normal.
- Laryngeal ventricle shadow is normally outlined.
- Pre-vertebral and pre-tracheal soft tissue are within limits.
- Trachea is central in position.
SOFT TISSUE NECK (LAT VIEW)
---------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Soft tissue outline of the base of the tongue and the epiglottis are normal.
- Laryngeal ventricle shadow is normally outlined.
- Pre-vertebral and pre-tracheal soft tissue are within limits.
- Trachea is central in position.
PARANASAL SINUSES (WATER`S VIEW)
--------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Both maxillary and frontal sinuses are clear.
- Bony margins of the antra and orbit are intact.
- No gross deviation is seen in nasal septum.
- Nasal turbinates are prominent bilaterally.
================================================================================
ABDOMEN, KUB, & SPECIAL CONTRAST PROCEDURES
================================================================================
X-RAY KUB
---------
FINDINGS:
- No obvious radio-opaque calculus is seen in KUB and GB areas.
- Renal shadows are within limits.
- Psoas shadows are intact.
- Intestinal gas pattern appears normal.
- No abnormal soft tissue shadow is seen in the pelvis.
- Bones and joints under review appear intact.
X-RAY PLAIN PICTURE ABDOMEN (SUPINE)
------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- No obvious radio-opaque calculus is seen in KUB and GB areas.
- Renal shadows are within limits.
- Psoas shadows are intact.
- Intestinal gas pattern appears normal.
- No abnormal soft tissue shadow is seen in the pelvis.
- Bones and joints under review appear intact.
PAEDIATRIC X-RAY PLAIN PICTURE ABDOMEN (SUPINE)
-----------------------------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Lung fields are normal.
- Cardiac shadow is within normal limits.
- Hepatic and splenic shadows are normal.
- Bowel loops are prominent with no detectable pneumatosis coli.
- No pneumoperitoneum is noted.
- Bones and joints under review appear intact.
BARIUM SWALLOW OESOPHAGUS
-------------------------
FINDINGS:
- Barium swallow study of the oesophagus is done under IITV control.
- Free passage of barium is seen upto the stomach.
- No hold up, filling defect of abnormal extrinsic pressure effect is seen in the oesophagus.
- Oesophageal mucosa and gastro-oesophageal junction are normal.
IMPRESSION:
- RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES ARE ESSENTIALLY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY (HSG)
---------------------------
FINDINGS:
- HSG is done with Ionic contrast introduced through a cannula.
- Uterus is normal in size, shape, position and outline. No extrinsic pressure effect or intrinsic filling defect is seen.
- Both fallopian tubes are normally outlined upto their fimbrial ends.
- Free peritoneal spillage of contrast is seen bilaterally.
IMPRESSION:
- HSG REVEALS:
1. NORMAL UTERINE CAVITY.
2. BILATERAL NORMAL CALIBRE PATENT TUBES.
INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY (IVU)
---------------------------
FINDINGS:
- IVU is done with 70 cc of Ultravist 300 injected intravenously and films are taken in the 2 min, 7 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, full-bladder and post-void sequence.
- Preliminary scout film does not reveal any radio-opaque calculus in the KUB area.
- Nephrographic effect is seen bilaterally in the 2 min film which reveals both kidneys to be normal in size, shape, position and outline.
- Excretion of contrast is seen bilaterally in the 7 min film which reveals normal pelvicalyceal system on either side. PUJ are normal.
- Both ureters are normal in course and calibre.
- Urinary bladder is normal in capacity and contour. No filling defect is seen. Post-void residual urine is insignificant.
IMPRESSION:
- IVU REVEALS BILATERAL NORMALLY EXCRETING KIDNEYS WITH NORMAL RENAL MORPHOLOGY.
================================================================================
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What does it mean when a chest X-ray mentions "no active parenchymal lesion"?
This is standard medical phrasing indicating that your lung tissue looks healthy and clear. It confirms there are no visible signs of pneumonia, active infections, tumors, or major long-term scarring in the functional areas of your lungs.
2. What are "pleural angles" and what does it mean if they are clear?
Pleural angles are the sharp spaces where your ribs meet your diaphragm. When the report notes they are clear, it means there is no abnormal fluid accumulation—such as a pleural effusion—blocking those sharp corners on the image.
3. Why does my post-operative bone X-ray say "in situ"?
"In situ" is a Latin phrase meaning "in its original place." In a post-operative review context, it is great news confirming that your surgical hardware, such as orthopedic plates, IM nails, screws, or joint prostheses, remains perfectly positioned exactly where the surgeon installed it.
4. What is a "pars break" and "spondylolisthesis" in a spine report?
A pars break refers to a tiny stress fracture or structural gap in a small portion of the spinal vertebra called the pars interarticularis. This can cause the bone to slip slightly forward over the one below it, a condition known as spondylolisthesis.
5. What does a "calcaneal spur" mean on a foot or ankle X-ray?
A calcaneal spur is a pointed, bony growth that develops on the heel bone (calcaneum), usually on the bottom planter aspect or at the back. It is often linked to long-term pulling forces from nearby ligaments or tendons, like in plantar fasciitis.
6. What is being evaluated during a Barium Swallow Oesophagus study?
This contrast imaging study uses an ingested chalky liquid to evaluate how well you swallow. It lets the radiologist watch the liquid flow downward in real-time under a specialized continuous X-ray machine (IITV) to check for blockages, structural narrowings, or functional movement issues.
7. What does "bilateral normal calibre patent tubes" signify in an HSG report?
In a Hysterosalpingography exam, this finding proves that both of your fallopian tubes are completely open (patent) and have a completely normal interior diameter width, allowing fluid to travel all the way through without hitting any structural obstructions or scar tissues.
8. What is the purpose of the multiple timed films taken during an IVU?
An Intravenous Urography (IVU) takes a sequence of films at preset times (like 2, 7, and 15 minutes) to watch how quickly injected contrast fluid filters through your bloodstream, fills up your kidneys, travels down the ureters, and collects inside your bladder, measuring real-time urinary function.
9. What does "loss of mastoids air cells with sclerosis" indicate?
The mastoid bone behind your ear normally contains tiny, air-filled pockets. A loss of these air spaces alongside hardening of the bone tissue (sclerosis) typically points to chronic, long-term ear infections or previous inflammatory issues that filled those pockets up with dense tissue over time.
10. What does an "intact bony thorax" mean on a diagnostic report?
Your bony thorax consists of your ribs, breastbone (sternum), and the middle section of your spine. An intact finding means that the structural bones forming your chest cage show no signs of fractures, dislocations, or destructive bone lesions.